Active country foreign from game physically

The country may be celebrating the WHO study, but Uganda is rapidly urbanising. In the next couple of decades, there are likely to be fewer year-olds still fit to till the land, and more people behind the wheel in traffic snarl-ups.

Roy William Mayega of the Makerere School of Public Health did a study in the peri-urban areas of Iganga district, east of the capital, in He found that Ugandan lifestyles are changing. We assessed blood sugar and weight as well. Dr Mayega warns that the number of Ugandans interested in sectors which require rigorous effort such as agriculture is shrinking, especially among the youth.

He also noticed a shift in the food environment. In every small roadside town, young people were cooking high-calorie, processed-flour foods, and people were coming from the villages for a taste. One man in the study told me: 'Playing is for children'," he says. All that plays into the rising risk and cases of non-communicable diseases. For now though, most Ugandans are keeping fit without fancy gadgets to count their daily steps and monitor their calorie count. But the country will need a national consciousness and the right infrastructure, to retain its top-shape position.

The Ugandan town selling rolex for 40p. The boys making sanitary pads. Lack of exercise puts one in four at risk. Some Ugandans do work out - but most don't need to. Jennifer Namulembwa works as a cleaner and walks to work every day but she would rather use a car if she could afford it. Changing lifestyles. They easily surpass the target without trying. Exercise guidelines for to year-olds. Walking fast, water aerobics, riding a bike on level ground or with a few hills, doubles tennis, pushing a lawn mower, hiking, skateboarding, rollerblading, volleyball, basketball.

Jogging or running, swimming fast, riding a bike fast or on hills, singles tennis, football, rugby, skipping rope, hockey, aerobics, gymnastics, martial arts. Abiasali Nsereko says he spends eight hours on his feet and he doesn't have an ache in his body. The joggers are coming. Fitness groups meet to exercise at the national stadium's parking lot in Kampala.

Schools without playgrounds. Sabiti Matovu and his daughter after their morning work-out. Uganda's first cycle lane. Amanda Ngabirano says busy roads are safer than those in upmarket areas.

Image source, Getty Images. Exercise is part of everyday life for many in Uganda. No fancy gadgets. Published 4 February Published 30 May Published 5 September Related Topics. The students were attending a table tennis course in the 6 th semester of study and the average age of the respondents was 23 years.

The students completed the PMQ Gill et al. A five-point Likert scale was used. In other research, Zaharidis et al. The basic descriptive parameters were calculated mean, standard deviation, frequency of answers. Univariate ANOVA was used to test for differences among the students in all three institutions for each item in the questionnaire. We then performed a factor analysis the Principal Components method with a Varimax rotation for all examined participants in three groups together , and the factor scores were used in a one-way MANOVA and discriminant analysis to determine differences among the students in all three institutions in their motives to participate in youth sports.

In the post-hoc analysis, by using the Bonferroni method we sought to gain an insight into individual differences among students of the different institutions in the motivational structure of participating in a physical activity sport. Important goals of our research program were: to create a rich database, develop a theoretical approach to allow a better understanding of the process underlying participation in sport and compare the motivation of the sports students with the motivation of high-school students and students of so-called non-sports faculties.

Based on the results of the study, it can be presumed which motives are important for sports students for their participation in sports activities Table 2. Comparison among students of all three institutions for items of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire. In previous surveys PMQ have been adapted and used in many sports Trembath et al.

The number of factors and indeed the component items identified through factor analysis have varied dependent upon the sample under investigation Gill et al. As such, whilst a basic 6 to 8 factor structure has been found, any use of the questionnaire requires identification of these factors and subsequent scale reliability support before the factors can be deemed as appropriate in the sample involved Jones et al.

As Table 3 shows, Factor structure of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire for students from all three institutions Principal Components, Varimax Rotation.

The reliability of the questionnaire in our research varies for certain factors from 0. Two factors the fifth and sixth are only defined with two cells each; therefore their low reliability was not unexpected. After the Varimax Rotation converged in 19 iterations with a Kaiser Normalization, all six factors were named Table 3. The main projections of the statements offered in the questionnaire on the first factor are those related to action and friendship.

This encompasses motives such as: I like the action, I like to have something to do, I like to have fun, I like the team spirit, I like being on a team, I like the challenge, I like to get exercise, I like to get out of the house. Therefore, this factor was named sport action with friends. The second factor is defined by motives related to the popularity and importance sportspeople achieve through sports, i. Therefore, that factor was named popularity.

At first sight, we might wonder about such a high percentage of that variance since statements related to health were ranked the highest, but obviously the questions in the questionnaire were not evenly represented, namely, there was more questions related to success, competition and popularity than those relating to health and good physical condition. Such a lowered variability diminishes the correlation between the variables, which is a consequence of the first and second factor variance quantity extraction.

I want to go on to a higher level, I want to learn new skills, I want to improve my skills, I want to be physically fit, I want to stay in shape, I like to do something I'm good at. If we connect intrinsic and extrinsic motivations with three basic goals of sports achievements, then we would observe the motives directed to competitive abilities and social approval as extrinsic motivation, whereas the motives directed to improving sports skills are observed as intrinsic motivation Bosnar and Balent, The fourth factor, named social status, is defined by statements such as: My parents or close friends want me to play, I like the teamwork, I like the coaches or instructors, I like to meet new friends, I want to be with my friends, I like to use the equipment or facilities.

The fifth factor is mostly determined by conclusions in relation to travelling, but also to exciting events, and is named sports events. The reason for practicing sports, not being listed in any of extracted factors that explain the sixth best factor is intrinsic, i.

I'd like to be relaxed; I'd like to free my energy; is named relaxation through sports. For simplicity of expression, hereinafter the factors will be called dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire. A discriminant analysis was conducted in order to establish factors of difference among the students from the various faculties.

In Table 4 is obvious that both discrimination functions, that indicate factors of differences among students in the three countries in the dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire, are statistically significant.

In other words, there are two factors of differences which statistically significantly differentiate participants from the different faculties in our study in relation to the dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire.

The group centroids are statistically significant different and distant the highest centroid 0. For the second discriminant function the highest centroid value was held by students from Zagreb, the middle value by students from Cologne On the basis of the discriminant functions, By using post-hoc tests one-way MANOVA , we established at which faculties there are statistically significant differences for individual dimensions among the students, and in what direction. In the first dimension Sport Action with Friends , as well as the fourth dimension Social Status , students from Ljubljana statistically significantly vary from students from Zagreb and Cologne.

In the remaining four dimensions, statistically significant differences exist among all of the participants groups. In the second dimension Popularity , fifth dimension Sport Events , and sixth dimension Relaxation through Sports , the most distant results are those from Zagreb the highest value and Cologne the lowest value.

A discriminant analysis was conducted in order to establish factors of difference between younger and older students from all faculties together. Table 6 shows that the discriminant function, indicating the factor of difference between age groups of students in dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire, is not statistically significant.

In other words, the factor of difference does not statistically significantly differentiate the younger and older participants in our research regarding the dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire.

Differences between students in younger and older age groups separated by median discriminant analysis. Considering that the discriminant function is statistically insignificant and that we did not find even one single statistically significant difference between the cities, we can assume that a relatively narrow age range does not differentiate participants regarding their motivation to participate in physical activities.

To determine the factors of gender differences in students from the different faculties, we conducted a discriminant analysis. In Table 7 is obvious that the discriminant function, which indicates factors of gender differences among students in the three countries in dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire, is statistically significant. In other words, there is one factor of difference which significantly differentiates participants by gender in our study in relation to dimensions of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire.

The group centroids are statistically significant different with the distant higher centroid of 0. On the basis of the discriminant function, As could be expected, sport potentially means more to men as a tool for achieving popularity in society and among friends, while women experience sport more as a means of relaxation, which is in principle congruent with traditional male and female stereotypes and roles.

Sports psychology deals with manifold psychological characteristics of sports activities. In order to understand motivation in sport, one has to approach the problem with specific sports models which, on one hand, use scientific discoveries of general psychological motivation and, on the other, combine them with the specifics of the sport, the training process and the competition.

Table 2 shows one can conclude that for all variables of the questionnaire there are significant differences in reasons why students at the three surveyed faculties want to participate in sports.

We assumed that one of the reasons students of sports faculties enrol in that faculty is that they wish to improve their motor abilities and satisfy their need for exercise. In other words, in view of motivation to participate in sports, already at the very beginning they probably achieve above-average results relative to those of students from other faculties.

We can only speculate whether the differences are conditioned by the different faculty programs, specific standpoints on practicing sports, or wider cultural influences. Considering that the interpretation of individual differences in the results for students from the different faculties regarding the questionnaire items would be quite complex, we tried to establish latent dimensions of the questionnaire and carried out further analyses of the factor scores we obtained.

Taking into consideration that, for the purpose of this research, students from sports faculties were surveyed, the assumption is that the reason for their inconsistency can be explained by cultural differences Yan and McCullagh, Maslow, compared needs for being a member of something, love and other social needs, which include giving and accepting and are more dominant in Western society.

Athletes are content to be part of a team where they can fulfil such needs; they are content to be noticed, to have a certain status. Differences regarding the students from Ljubljana in terms of their lower values for the Sport Action with Friends and Social Status dimensions can potentially be interpreted with the greater individualism of the Slovenian students in relation to the students from Zagreb or Cologne.

Entirely speculatively, we can assume there is a specific set of values in Slovenia which intensifies the distinction between the collectivist culture of former socialist countries and the individualism of Western countries. That is to say, the fact that Slovenia is part of the European Union might affect the stronger need for Slovenians to be different from inhabitants of other socialist countries even in relation to motivation for physical activities.

In that context, Slovenians could find physical activity sport important for their health, but not as means for socializing. However, the biggest differences were found between Zagreb and Cologne, in the direction of higher results for the students from Zagreb, in up to three dimensions: the second, fifth and sixth. Clearly, physical activity holds greater significance for the students from Zagreb than for the students from Cologne.

Activity trait in sports has had a significant effect on both exercise intention and exercise behaviour Rhodes et al. Another aspect concerning the lack of activity in students despite positive sports motivation might also be the increasing amount of time students have to spend on study, work and duties. Therefore, individual time management strategies for an active lifestyle need to be offered at all levels of student sport.

However, the results unmistakably revealed no statistically significant interactions. At the end, we must be aware that some limits of this paper exist, especially due to the methodology.

In our case, the factor analysis of the motivational structure was applied to a relatively small sample. Principle Components Analysis, performed on all the participants together from all three countries may not be the appropriate analysis for this study. It is typically assumed that the instrument of measurement is operating in exactly the same way and that the underlying construct s has the same theoretical structure and meaning across the groups of interest.

Van de Vijver and Leung, define bias as a generic term for all nuisance factors threatening the validity of cross-cultural comparisons. In our research, we adjusted our instrument only according to language, but neglected three primary sources types of bias: a the construct of interest construct bias , b the methodological procedure method bias , and c the item content item bias Van de Vijver and Tanzer, Among all correct data analysis methods that are usually used for avoiding the bias, we used the simplest one comparing cross-cultural samples only with language adjustment.

However, in future research we have to use more sophisticated methods, such as structural equations modelling Byrne and Watkins, Additionally, the Participation Motivation Questionnaire Gill et al. One in 10 deaths is now attributable to inactivity. But to find out just how inactive we were, as a species, Brazilian researcher Dr. Pedro C. Hallal from the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, compiled answers to population surveys from countries.

Inactivity is also increased in high-income countries," Hallal told The Telegraph. It's true that many affluent countries topped the ranking, though countries with great poverty, such as the Dominican Republic and Swaziland, also made it on the list.

Also noteworthy were countries that are often associated with healthful lifestlyes: Japan, known for longevity and low cardiovascular disease rates, was in the bottom 25; Brazil, which is known for its strong sports traditions was also on the list; and several Mediterranean countries also associated with healthy eating and lifestyle were represented, including Italy, Spain and Portugal. To collect the data, Hallal and colleagues aggregated responses to population-representative surveys. Respondents answered questions about their activity levels at work, at home, on transportation and during leisure time.

All but five countries had separate surveys for urban and country-living citizens and each survey had to include at least 50 people and be representative of the population.